温阳复方对肥胖大鼠模型糖代谢的影响

为考察温阳为主中药复方对肥胖大鼠糖代谢的影响，采用高脂饲料喂养12周建立肥胖大鼠模型，将造模成功的 SD 肥胖大鼠随机分成3组，分别为模型组、二甲双胍组、温阳复方组，并设正常对照组。连续灌胃8周，在给药第4、8周测其空腹血糖，给药 8周后测口服糖耐量与肌糖原、肝糖原、糖化血红蛋白含量。结果显示，给药 8周后，温阳复方组空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白含量降低，肌糖原、肝糖原含量升高。结果表明，温阳复方能够明显纠正肥胖大鼠糖代谢紊乱，有效预防和延缓早期糖尿病的发生。     

饲料中维生素A对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢酶活性及基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中维生素A(VA)对青鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏糖脂代谢相关酶活性及基因表达的影响,实验选取360尾初始体质量为(6.10±0.10) g的青鱼幼鱼,随机分配至3个实验组中,每个实验组设置3个平行。采用单因素实验设计,以无维酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源、菜籽油为脂肪源、糊精为糖源,同时添加矿物质混合物和维生素混合物(无VA添加)配制成3组实验饲料,分别以饲料1 (Diet1)、饲料2 (Diet2)和饲料3 (Diet3)表示。在饲料1、饲料2和饲料3中分别添加0、2 200和20 000 IU/kg VA醋酸酯(500 000IU/g),经高效液相色谱法(Agilent-1100, Agilent,美国)检测后实验饲料中VA的实际含量分别为178.2、2 058.9和18 436.2 IU/kg,养殖周期为8周。结果显示:饲料中VA缺乏会显著降低青鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR);VA缺乏会显著降低血清血糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)浓度,增加总胆固醇(TCH)浓度。饲料中添加2 058.9IU/kg VA能显著提高肝脏己糖激酶(HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)活性,促进葡萄糖转运蛋白-2 (GLUT-2)、HK、葡萄糖激酶(GK)、PFK和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)基因表达。当饲料中VA含量为2 058.9 IU/kg时,对肝脏脂肪酸转运蛋白-1(FATP-1)基因表达无显著影响,但显著影响肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 (CPT-1)和肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-2 (CPT-2)基因表达。当饲料中VA缺乏时,CPT-1和CPT-2基因表达受到显著性抑制;当饲料中添加过量VA时,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶-2 (ACC-2)和脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达受到抑制;同时,VA过量组中肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)基因表达显著下降。研究表明,在饲料中添加2 058.9 IU/kg VA可以促进青鱼幼鱼生长,提高肝脏对葡萄糖的转运能力,促进糖酵解和糖异生代谢平衡,同时促进脂肪酸合成和转运。     

Affecting Lipid Metabolism Salivary MicroRNAs Expressions in Arabian Racehorses Before and After the Race

The active roles of microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) in gene regulation have made miRNAs a key point for the scientific world in the study of physiological processes. Although saliva includes the largest number of miRNAs, there is no miRNA study in saliva on horses has been found. Our study is the first study on miRNAs isolation from saliva in horses. In the present study, saliva was studied in Arabian racehorses to better understand the molecular mechanisms of expression levels that are effective in lipid metabolism of miRNAs and their target genes during the race. Identification of lipid metabolism of miRNAs and their target genes is an opportunity to provide information about biomarkers in Arabian racehorses on energy supply for race performance. Arabian racehorses have low glycogen content and high triglyceride storage capability, thanks to the high amount of oxidative type I fiber in their muscle tissue. Therefore, Arabian racehorses can provide higher levels of energy using more fat. The aim of this study is to determine the prerace and postrace expression levels of eight miRNAs in saliva that are known to affect lipid metabolism in Arabian racehorses. The expression level of eca-miR-33a was found to be statistically significant (P < .05). Target genes of eca-miR-33a have been copredicted as ABCA1, CROT, ABHD2, and SATB2, with three validated databases and other analysis tools. In conclusion, these findings revealed that both eca-miR-33a and its target genes could be potential core genes that play important roles in lipid metabolism in Arabian racehorses to provide energy during the race.     

乐都紫皮大蒜叶片生长发育与果聚糖代谢的关系

为了探讨高原大蒜生长特性及其果聚糖代谢规律,分析叶片生长发育与果聚糖代谢的关系,本研究以"乐都紫皮大蒜"为材料,对不同发育期的大蒜叶片生长情况、生理指标及其果聚糖代谢关键基因的表达特征进行了解析。结果表明:随着生育期的延续,大蒜植株的最大叶长、最大叶宽和单株叶片数均稳步增加。叶片生理指标呈现先升高后降低的趋势,总叶绿素含量在花芽分化之前快速上升,在抽薹期达到最大值2.32 mg/g FW;组织含水量在鳞茎膨大初期达到最大值89.06%,随后急剧降低。在整个发育过程中,大蒜叶片蔗糖:蔗糖1-果糖基转移酶基因(1-SST)和果聚糖外切水解酶基因(1-FEH)表达量存在显著差异,从幼苗期至鳞茎膨大初期,1-SST基因表达量显著高于1-FEH。1-SST的表达在全生育期表现为"升高-降低"的趋势,在抽薹期,1-SST的表达量达到峰值,比幼苗期提高了17.51倍;1-FEH在全生育期的表达量均较低,呈现起伏波动的趋势,在收获期表达量最高,是苗期的2.41倍。综合分析说明,大蒜叶片叶绿素和果聚糖的合成高峰主要在抽薹期,抽薹期是大蒜叶片生长发育和果聚糖代谢的关键时期,大蒜可通过叶绿素的合成以及1-SST和1-FEH的差异表达进一步影响鳞茎果聚糖的累积。     

淀粉与油脂对妊娠母猪糖脂代谢及其繁殖性能影响的研究进展

妊娠后期随着胎儿生长速度和乳腺发育加快，母猪机体代谢强度逐渐增加，机体糖脂代谢失衡，出现代谢紊乱。能量占整个日粮成分的70%以上，选择适当的日粮能量来源以调节糖脂代谢的平衡是提高母猪繁殖效率的有效方法。淀粉与油脂作为母猪日粮主要能量来源，均可显著影响后备母猪的初情期启动或经产母猪的繁殖性能，但以母猪本身的糖脂代谢特征为出发点，评述不同来源与水平的淀粉或油脂对母猪繁殖性能的影响鲜有总结报道。文章首先综述了母猪妊娠期糖脂代谢特点和代谢机制，简述了妊娠期代谢紊乱对母猪繁殖性能的不良影响，介绍了淀粉与油脂在母体的吸收及代谢特点，对比分析了不同水平与来源的淀粉和油脂对母猪产仔性能和泌乳性能的影响。最后，为最大化提高猪场经济效益，根据实际生产目的，总结了选择合适能量来源的依据。该综述旨在选择日粮适宜水平和来源的淀粉和油脂以期为提高母猪繁殖效率提供数据支持和理论指导。     

耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响

以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.     

Dynamics of Bt cotton Cry1Ac protein content under an alternating high temperature regime and effects on nitrogen metabolism

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alternating high temperature on Cry1Ac protein content on Bt cotton cultivars Sikang 1(SK-1,a conventional cultivar)and Sikang 3(SK-3,a hybrid cultivar).In 2011 and 2012,cotton plants were subjected to high temperature treatments ranging from 32 to 40℃ in climate chambers to investigate the effects of high temperature on boll shell insecticidal protein expression.The experiments showed that significant decline of the boll shell insecticidal protein was detected at temperatures higher than 38℃ after 24 h.Based on the results,the cotton plants were treated with the threshold temperature of 38℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.followed by a normal temperature of 27℃ during the remaining night hours(DH/NN)in 2012 and 2013.These treatments were conducted at peak boll growth stage for both cultivars in study periods of 0,4,7,and 10 d.Temperature treatment of 32℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.and 27℃ in the remaining hours was set as control.The results showed that,compared with the control,after the DH/NN stress treatment applied for 7 d,the boll shell Cry1Ac protein content level was significantly decreased by 19.1 and 17.5% for SK-1 and by 15.3 and 13.7% for SK-3 in 2012 and 2013,respectively.Further analysis of nitrogen metabolic physiology under DH/NN showed that the soluble protein content and the glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT)activities decreased slightly after 4 d,and then decreased sharply after 7 d.The free amino acid content and the protease content increased sharply after 7 d.The changes in SK-1 were greater than those in SK-3.These results suggest that under DH/NN stress,boll shell Cry1Ac protein content decline was delayed.Reduced protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in the boll shell decreased protein content,including Bt protein,which may reduce resistance to the cotton bollworm.     

Comparison of effects of dietary‐specific fatty acids on growth and lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia

The dominant fatty acids (FAs) in oils are often used to explain different nutritional effects of dietary oils in fish. However, the amounts of dominant FAs among oils are different, and the nutritional roles of these important FAs in fish have not been precisely compared at similar levels in feeding trials. In the present study, different amounts of palmitic acid were added to safflower oil (SO), olive oil (OO) and fish oil (FO) to obtain comparable amounts (about 550 g/kg of total FAs) of 18:2n‐6, 18:1n‐9 and 20:5n‐3 + 22:6n‐3 and subsequently fed to Nile tilapia (11.1 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The results showed similar growth among groups but FO group obtained lower fat deposition, serum ALT and AST activities, compared to OO. Lipogenesis‐related gene expressions were higher in OO group than FO group in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, but there were only few differences in these genes between SO and FO groups. Lipid catabolism genes in FO group were higher than OO and SO groups in adipose tissue, but not in muscle, and the significantly higher expressions of CPT1b and PPARα were only observed in liver. Overall, dietary 18:2n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 were beneficial to normal growth and lipid metabolism, whereas high amount of 18:1n‐9 induced lipid deposition and liver damage in Nile tilapia.     

四种柱花草种子萌发中参与氮代谢的酶活性变化

研究了4种柱花草种子萌发过程中参与氮代谢的蛋白酶、肽酶和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,蛋白酶的活性随着柱花草种子萌发的深入而不断上升,在种子即将露白胚根突破种皮的时候蛋白酶活性达到最大值。此后,随着胚芽的生长蛋白酶活性逐渐降低,其中热研2号柱花草的蛋白酶活性高于其他3种;肽酶活性的变化总体呈上升趋势;硝酸还原酶呈S型变化。了解柱花草种子萌发期各种酶活性的变化规律,为深入研究柱花草种子萌发时贮藏物质的动员和代谢机理提供数据。